How to fire a kiln. Paragon SC2 and SC3 User Manual.
Wait for “Idle” to appear. The microwaves then heat the pottery to the desired firing temperature. Remember, smaller Kilns will heat and cool faster. Place the pieces as quickly as possible into the waiting cans. While you are waiting, assemble the second pot. Kiln stilts: These are used to hold and protect the edges of pieces in low to medium-low firings. If you want to build and/or fire a gas kiln, there are several things you need to know before diving in. Sep 12, 2023 · The Kiln Drying Process. 6 The top of the trigger plate should touch the bottom of the claw when the firing gauge is in place. Apr 15, 2023 · A wood kiln is a great way to process your firewood so you can use it in the fireplace or other outdoor projects. Build your kiln’s base by laying bricks flush against each other. Test kilns may be wired for 120 volts May 23, 2021 · Good luck! 1. Sep 28, 2023 · To fire terracotta clay, preheat your kiln to the desired temperature and place the clay objects inside, increasing the temperature gradually until reaching the firing temperature required for terracotta clay. 1:00 Put the middle elements on LOW. If you want to make a small-scale kiln to build and burn as a solo project or a two-man team, this is a good choice. Key phrases linking here: kiln firing - Learn more. They are available to order in many Mar 26, 2017 · Increasing the air and decreasing the gas increases the efficiency of combustion and should help the temperature to rise again. It involves firing the clay objects in a kiln to a specific temperature to harden the clay and prepare it for glazing. For those truly looking to make a home business with their pottery, this is the kiln to choose. Terracotta clay firing is an essential step in Dec 15, 2020 · Option 1) Using a Pottery Firing Service. Prepare Your Clay Objects Apr 13, 2024 · Up to 9″ x 11″ – It is perfect for firing beads and smaller items, as well as serving as a test kiln. Metal Clay Firing Guide – Cool Tools. Pottery placed inside the kiln absorbs heat and then reradiates that heat decreasing how often your kiln elements will need to fire. FIRE THE KILN BY USING THE REGULAR KILN SWITCHES, AS INSTRUCTED BY THE KILN MANUFACTURER. Their exact formulation can vary greatly depending on the firing range of their intended use. Evenheat Studio Pro STP Ceramic Kiln. 9. Also, make sure you learn how to use it. STEP 2: KILN WASHNext, you are going to Mix up a batch of kiln wash, aka shelf primer. The barrel must be placed near to the fire with the pottery placed carefully inside. Includes a wiring diagram and safety guidelines. Find a kiln to hire on kilnshare. 4 kW rating) x (8 hr duration) x (0. Pick The Right Clay Type. Put a layer of sawdust in the bottom. It comes standard with the smartest controller on the market (it will even calculate your cost of firing) and has a lid lifter to boot! Click on the tabs above to find out more. This video shows how to make a simple and cost effective clay shelf to hang fully glazed small ceramics for kiln firing - without them sticking to the kiln s Sep 22, 2023 · The firebox is plenty adequate being 2 feet wide, 2 feet deep and 30 inches high from the floor to ware level. Models with this technology require the owner to simply enter the kilowatt per hour cost Brushing kiln wash on your kiln shelves creates a protective layer, much like greasing and flouring a pan does before baking. These kilns vary a lot in their appearance. Loosen the set screw so the trigger plate will slide up and down. The fuller your kiln the lower your firing cost will be. To add the shelf, simply rest the grid across the brick walls. Here's a step-by-step guide on the bisque firing process with a kiln: 1. Heating the clay for too long might make the resulting pieces brittle, so don’t heat for too long. However, here’s the catch: while the kiln’s temperature may rise gradually, the extended duration at high temperatures exacts a considerable toll on energy consumption. I use, dry plaster, clean concrete, canvas, denim, etc. How to do a cone 06 bisque and glaze fire. This is how I fire my school's manual kiln. if condensation appears, let the kiln go for another hour. Wood fired kilns reach around 2400F (1300C). Place your pieces in a preheated oven for one to three hours, depending on how thick the clay is. Some wood-firing kilns look like a small brick igloo. Another way to fire your clay at home is to get yourself a small plug-in hobby kiln. The first stage is the drying process. Since this was my test batch, I just played with the designs, lots of Jun 16, 2023 · During the firing of a gas kiln there are a trio of atmospheres that have to be controlled to achieve both a rise in temperature and the desired glaze results. Add your underglazes. and fed scraps of pine, mesquite and oak into the kiln for the next 12 hours, about once every 5 minutes. Kiln washes are made from refractory materials such as silica, alumina, or zirconium that have high melting points. 2:00 hold a small mirror near the front of the open lid. The front row of the kiln should be glowing red/orange by now and you should see flame starting to flow through the middle of the kiln. Industrial building and schools are usually wired for 208-volt service. 50. Mar 13, 2019 · How to Fire Terra Cotta Pots in a Kiln. $4. The fire should become hot enough to heat the barrel to between 760 to 980 degrees celsius. How to test the temperature in the kiln. Safety considerations. If your pots keep breaking, make sure the clay is completely dried out before heating. Feb 27, 2023 · Kiln Firing Chart. It takes about 45 minutes to build, and fires to about 1650°F in about 45 to 60 minutes for the first firing; thereafter, every load takes 15 to The manual shows how to fire the Paragon QuikFire 6 kiln and change the pyrometer and the ceramic fiber muffle. How to fire pottery in an oven. Features. It describes in detail the building of two ceramic fiber kilns and a soft bricks raku kiln. Jen holds a Master's degree in Fine Arts and has been teaching pottery for over 15 years. Your kiln should be matched to the correct voltage. ) In approximately one hour the KILN-SITTER weight will drop, shutting off the kiln. Then, paint the floor of the kiln with a heavy coating of the mixture. Though kilns are now capable of much more complex, high-temperature processes, the low-fire range continues to be popular due to the fact that it allows ceramic artists to use a variety of colorants that either burn off or become unstable kiln, oven for firing, drying, baking, hardening, or burning a substance, particularly clay products but originally also grain and meal. Kilns also typically use cones, such as Orton cones, to indicate the temperature range of the firing. While wood kiln firing isn’t easy, the results are incomparable. Wood firing clay is an old practice that involves burning wood to heat the kiln chamber. Setting B is a faster firing. Details. The brick kiln was a major advance in ancient technology because it provided a stronger brick than the primitive sun-dried product. This procedure transforms freshly cut wood into the perfect fuel for your fire, and it involves several critical steps to ensure the wood is dried uniformly and efficiently. When the kiln is cool enough to handle you may open it and inspect the Apr 27, 2016 · Anytime you fire a piece in a kiln, you are doing it on a kiln shelf. Nov 20, 2023 · More important for me, it writes about how to build wood fired pottery kilns: 75 pages of kilns for raku firing, how to build raku kilns, and how to fire in a raku kiln. A gap is left in the bricks at the bottom of the front wall. Many studios start with something like 4-6 cents per cubic inch. By Weight. These people might be schools, pottery cafes, or local potters to name but a few. I have a Cress FX 23 kiln and the speed control works in tandem with the thumb wheel. Nov 13, 2023 · Cooling: Once the firing is complete, allow the kiln to cool down gradually. 12 cost/kW-hr) x (7. A simple guide to the thermochemical changes in ceramic materials. Properly preparing your kiln shelves is essential for not only a good glaze firing, bu Nov 5, 2010 · 4) Turn all switches to medium. 6 duty cycle) =. Nov 13, 2023 · Cooling: Once the firing is complete, allow the kiln to cool down gradually. The chimney has inside dimensions of 9 inches deep by 18 inches wide and is 12 feet high. Once the cone has reached the temperature required, it will Jul 18, 2023 · Evenness of kiln load and density of load can also impact fired results. Plus an interesting description of how to recycle and repurpose an old electrical 3 days ago · 1. Then scrunch up a couple of pieces of newspaper and place these into the dip. This is essentially a box in which you can place the appropriate cone number inside. ‘Soaking’ the Clay and Glaze. The shape is a long rectangle with two straight, 18-inch-tall side walls and a catenary arch built on top. Place the shelf on top of the bricks. Split the firewood for quicker drying. It is important to be careful not to get any wash on the bottom or the sides of the shelf. The best program for the kiln to work is a Cone 06, 05, or 04 at a slow speed. If six-inch posts were used between each of the four layers, the load would be very evenly distributed and the kiln should fire quite evenly. While wood firing isn’t easy, the results are incomparable. Kiln posts: Kiln posts support shelves while optimizing space within the kiln for firing. Clear any debris, rocks, or uneven terrain to create a level and stable foundation. All types of ceramic are fired in a kiln to cement particles together to produce a hard and water and temperature resistant product. I used Duncan Concepts, and added details with French Dimensions! I’ve only ever used Duncan underglazes, I love them because the colors are bright and brilliant and work well no matter what designs I’m doing. It should fit perfectly. Different kilns can use for different purposes, so choosing the right one is important. Feb 27, 2023 · Using a lighter, light the pile of charcoal. Bisque firing is an important step in the ceramic firing process. After 3 hours I go to check on the kiln and the thumb wheel is still sitting on 1, the kiln is warm but not as hot as it is supposed to be by now. To build a wood fired ceramic kiln of this type is easy. Jun 12, 2018 · This mini-tut explains how to make fire sticks, create low-grade charcoal blocks using kilns for permanent fire, make and light torches, and create totem tor This is a great step by step wood fired pottery kiln tutorial that you can DIY yourself! The oven worked great to bisque my pots! Just a note to let you know Leave the bottom on LOW for 1 hour. The kiln will heat the glass slowly from room temperature up to fusing temperatures (1300º-1500º Fahrenheit) and slowly back down again according to the Firing Program or Schedule selected. A temperature reading on the panel should be the reading of the ambient temperature of the room. The process involves placing the pottery inside the kiln and activating the microwaves. Understanding the kiln drying process is key to appreciating the quality of kiln-dried firewood. The top layer of bricks needs to have some gaps in it to allow for ventilation. Lay enough bricks to cover an area equal to the length and width of your kiln. Apr 20, 2024 · 1. Most electric kilns are wired for 240-volt or 208-volt power systems. If possible, this should be arranged diagonally so 3 of the corners are supported by the walls of the kiln. User guide for the Paragon kilns commonly used for metal clay. There are 3 main stages of firing clay. If you heat the greenware up too quickly it will explode. Nov 5, 2023 · Microwave kilns offer convenience and efficiency for firing pottery at home. Kilns can be tested before use through a process called test firing, and kiln temperature and firing time can be regulated using tools such as a firing gauge or a timer knob. After cut or nipped pieces of compatible glass are assembled, the project is placed in a kiln. Since humans first began to understand how fire hardened clay, we have been making ceramics, both in pits and in wood kilns. (For purposes of test firing, when the kiln is empty, the highest temperature setting may be used. The first called the “primary fire” is used to build a bed of coals and to pre-heat the pottery to be fired to drive off any remaining moisture in the pots. Historically, low-fire has been the most commonly used firing range due to limitations in kiln technology. Jan 25, 2019 · Please like and subscribe and continue to follow Trifire Studios on the various platforms. Clay needs to be bone dry before it’s fired. The kiln will not fire if the timer is set at “0”. The second stage is bisque firing. Materials needed: A dedicated microwave (that you will no longer use for food) A microwave kiln; Cone 06 clay; Cone 06 glaze; Fire proof gloves; Metal tongs; Fire Sep 11, 2020 · Start by igniting your coal in one clay pot. Jul 7, 2023 · You then then multiply by how many cents per cubic inch your studio will charge. At it most basic level, firing is a process of heating a clay (or recipe of clays and minerals) to a temperature sufficient to fuse the particles together. Avoid rapid cooling, as it can cause thermal shock and damage to the materials inside. This is where wood is fed into the kiln to stoke the fire. Place some ceramic fiber between the kiln and the concrete blocks to avoid heat loss. You want the mix to be somewhat thick for this application, close to the consistency of heavy cream. Check the setting of the timer. When bisque firing low-fire clay bodies, you can fire the clay slightly higher than the glaze. To reach cone 10 in our 30 cubic foot kiln it will take FIRING TYPES. 23″ x 27″ – This is the most popular size sold and is suitable for the average potter. Now the bottom and middle are both on LOW. I'm not responsible for what happens when you fire your kiln, though! Always use a cone pack to monitor what the Nov 9, 2023 · An 8-sided Kiln will fire 10-inch bowls, and so will a 10-sided Kiln. 5) Turn all switches to high. The larger the pieces of the wood going into your kiln, the longer it’ll take for the wood to dry. Kiln Share is a new directory website that helps connect potters with local kiln owners. But not all wood kilns are built alike. leave the kiln like this for one hour. Mar 4, 2021 · For Fine Silver, 950 & 960 Metal Clay put stilts on the bottom of the kiln. A primitive surface firing “kiln”. Here are 6 steps that will help you build your firewood kiln: 1. The middle of the kiln should be starting to glow. Jan 5, 2020 · Method 3: Wood Burning Kilns. Inspect hinges and handles for wear (figure 2). This resource is a valuable reference for understanding and efficiently addressing firing problems. Mar 26, 2024 · 1. Remove the firing gauge before firing the kiln. Hour 5 to Cone Drop – Check every 15 min. If your kiln has the door cut-off switch, check to confirm if it’s open. Hours 1 & 2 – Check each hour. Calculation: ($0. Vacuum the interior of the kiln, especially the element grooves (figure 1), about every 20 firings, and after every firing when a piece blows up in the kiln. She has exhibited her work in numerous galleries and has been featured in several prominent May 2, 2022 · Check where the elements come through the case to confirm if any worn wires may have shorted against the case. The door should be closed between pulls to retain heat. When installing your kiln, make sure it’s at least 18 inches away from any wall. Empty space is the enemy. m. When using a microwave kiln, make sure you keep a fire extinguisher nearby in case there is an emergency. Leave at medium for 3 to 4 hours. Feb 12, 2024 · A hole was cut through the metal and brick of the kiln wall with a right angle grinder to provide a hole to insert the burner. With gas firing, you can control the atmosphere your work is exposed to, which directly affects the final outcome of your glazes and clay bodies. Paragon SC2 and SC3 User Manual. This is a general energy consumption site but it tells you how to calculate how much energy you are using. Then you program it to hold at that temperature for a certain number of hours. Tall kilns that are loaded very unevenly will not fire uniformly. Check the door cut-off switch. Method 7: A Small Plug-in Hobby Kiln. It is possible to bisque fire in a raku kiln. The work in wood kilns reveals the story of the firing, with pieces showing ash deposits and the path of the flame through the kiln. When you program the kiln, you set the first segment to fire to a temperature of up to 200F. A soft brick gas kiln uses approximately 10,000 BTU’s per hour for every cubic foot for a cone 10 firing. The platform is on a mission to make it easy for potters to find a local kiln to hire whilst helping kiln owners earn extra income by renting out their equipment! Using your postcode/ZIP, you can search Oct 7, 2023 · October 7, 2023. (800) 876-4328 Add two more rows of bricks to the walls of the kiln. It’s great to see how much energy your kiln uses during firing. Here is the lowdown on “standard” Kiln sizes and what they’re good for: Up to 9 x 11 inches: Mar 29, 2024 · How to Reach the Bisque Firing Process With a Kiln. On the surface, it appears gentle and methodical, akin to a serene journey through the kiln. Stack some dry kindling wood around the newspaper. Consider the scenario of firing at a leisurely 15 degrees Celsius per hour. Generally speaking, if you are in a residential setting, your electrical service will be 240 volts. Feb 20, 2021 · This is where the fire will be built and burned. Specs. com. A fibre sheet and hog wire were used to construct a lid for the kiln. Once the coal begins to smoke, place your pots on top of the cooking grill. If it does not, drop the lid. Also check out our pyrometric cone temperature equivalent chart and guide. Jan 24, 2021 · Here is a guide to the 3 stages of firing clay. Step 1. The coats should be very thin, and you should apply only the amount of wash necessary to cover the surface. Build your fire with enough good, long burning wood to create a nice bed of coals as if you were preparing to Aug 6, 2020 · Adjust the distance of the propane burner from the burner port during firing. They use microwaves to heat and fire the pottery, eliminating the need for gas or electric heating elements. Put another layer of insulation in the inside of the kiln. Help Promote the University of YouTube!!! Share with all Social Me Feb 17, 2017 · hotkilns. If you want it to dry faster, use a fan and/or set it all on a wire rack to allow air under it. We recommend going about a half inch up the side as well. I built this primitive convection kiln from bricks in my backyard for only $110. This is to insulate the pot from the heat. Shield the kiln from the wind/breeze. Jan 31, 2021 · Bisque Firing in a Raku Kiln. Because of the simplicity of the materials required, many potters build their own wood-firing kiln. Decide What Kind Of Kiln You Want. Person 3 should wait for the newspaper to catch fire, then fit the lids on securely to smother the fire and smoke the pieces. When the coal’s outer layer begins to gray, carefully but quickly move the clay pots. 6. The first stage of firing pottery without a kiln is called the “primary fire”. Nov 2, 2020 · A typical kiln is built from about 50 insulating bricks (IFBs), a square kiln shelf (size depending on what to fire), a metal grill for a grate, a piece of sheet metal, and some broken shelf pieces. If necessary, consider laying a heat-resistant material such as fire bricks or refractory concrete to form the base of the foundation. Modern kilns are used in ceramics to fire clay and porcelain objects, in Step 5 - Getting ready to fire! One of the best ways of assessing whether your kiln is reaching temperature the first time is to use a kiln sitter. Time is needed to allow the heat to radiate evenly. Step 2. 5” square shelves, four each ½”, 1”, 2” small square posts, and one 1-lb bag of kiln wash. . Comprehensive guide to firing metal clay. The ceramic buttons are threaded with the high The First Firing of the Kiln. The work in wood kilns reveals the story This firing problems support page offers a concise troubleshooting guide to help kiln operators identify and resolve common issues during the firing process. Jun 23, 2019 · Load the kiln carefully and be sure to set the kiln sitter before placing the upper kiln shelves. May 27, 2020 · If you have an electric kiln, you can program the first segment of the firing schedule to pre-heat. A monochromatic horse hair raku demonstration. Turn on the Kiln. Cut lumber into pieces about the size of your forearm using a saw and an ax or maul. 18″ x 18″ – Perfect for a part-time potter who works on the weekends but doesn’t make many pieces or makes small ones. A neutral atmosphere is the most fuel-efficient firing Feb 19, 2023 · Kilns can be fired using different fuel sources, such as wood ash or gas. Before you fire. However, if you do, you will need the temperature in the kiln to ramp up much more slowly. You will not be using mortar, as mortar can expand and crack with each kiln firing, so make sure you pack the bricks tightly next to each other. It is only in a neutral atmosphere that perfect combustion can be attained. Each kiln is different, But here is the schedule I use for both bisque and glaze fire to cone 5/6 when firing manual. Bisque firing is best done using an electric kiln as you can control the temperature and length requirements easily. Usually, this means you will bisque fire to cone 04 (make sure you get the zero in there!), which will tighten the clay body just a bit more than a lower Jan 14, 2024 · 1. Unloading: After the kiln has cooled to a safe temperature, remove the objects using appropriate tools, such as tongs or heat-resistant gloves. Here you’ll find expert advice from ceramic artists and potters who use gas kiln firing to add a unique dimension to their work. During the bisque fire soluble greenware clay is transformed into ceramic material. In the second stage, called the “secondary fire” the pottery is stacked above the hot coals and wood Jun 17, 2020 · You can add a shelf into the kiln by sandwiching a metal grid halfway up the kiln. Smooth the top to avoid getting small dry pieces on the surface. Problem Identification: The guide emphasizes accurately identifying firing issues, such Step 1. Apr 13, 2023 · Person 1 opens the door while Person 2 takes the pieces out one at a time. If you want to start the fire easily, squirt a little lighter fluid onto the paper and wood. This allows heat to circulate around the piece. Vent stays on during the cooling process. Sep 27, 2021 · This will add two 6. In the first hour; burn slowly til you pass 150 degrees, this is called candling, and is all about giving moisture time to vaporize from the clay before it The KM1027 has everything most potters need in a kiln. The thumb wheel turns at a certain speed and that is what controls the temperature. High temperature wire and ceramic buttons ( easily made) are used to secure the fibre to the hog wire. Wait until it is ash-covered on the surface, which is when the coals are the hottest. Feb 27, 2023 · Learn the different stages of firing clay in a kiln, from water smoking to maturity, and how to avoid common pitfalls such as crazing, pinholes, and bloating. Checking the Kiln. This video shows how I did it, discusses the details and other considerat Jun 23, 2019 · Load the kiln carefully and be sure to set the kiln sitter before placing the upper kiln shelves. Then add the next layer of bricks on top of the grid. Don’t forget to always use witness This, of course, has to be balanced against the need to fire more often. The hold is also known as ‘a soak’. With a bit of investigation, you will likely find that there are a few people nearby that have a kiln. In a sense related to kiln size is the kiln load. Four shelf layers in a 27-inch-tall kiln is average. You will need a nice layer of hot coals under your pottery when you fire them, the primary fire is that initial fire used to create that layer of coals. Find out the recommended temperatures, firing speeds, and ventilation for various types of clay and glaze. The first, and most important, atmosphere is neutral. When the kiln has been loaded with pottery, the front end of the kiln is then bricked up. The bisque firing duration may be different depending on the size and thickness of your piece. Usually, this means you will bisque fire to cone 04 (make sure you get the zero in there!), which will tighten the clay body just a bit more than a lower Dip water off or siphon it off. The process should take several hours, allowing the clay to harden and become durable. How to achieve the bisque firing process using a kiln. The first firing was a great success! We started the fires at about 5:20 a. Candling a kiln is the same as pre-heating. The basic principle is a two part fire. Now place these on the top and around the grate to construct the kiln’s 3 walls. Selecting the right clay variant is important when working with a microwave kiln for a successful firing session. 2. Though some stilts may be able to stay in form at cone 10, most are better suited for temperatures at and below cone 6. If you want shorter firing cycles, 8-sided Kilns are better than 10-sided ones. May 29, 2020 · Hot air will tend to rise to the top of the kiln and cooler air will linger at the bottom. Kiln Load. Set a ceramic kiln shelf or fireboard on the stilts. Place the trash can on a section of the insulation material and then using a pen or pencil mark around the base of the can. But the 8-sided Kiln will do so more efficiently. Kiln wash can be applied using a paintbrush of any width, a paint roller, or even by spraying it on. Hours 3&4 – Check each 30 min. Feb 27, 2023 · How to Apply Kiln Wash. The cone is held in place by a bar and a moving rod. 5” x 6. The chamber size is tall enough to fire a 23″ tall pot and wide enough to hold a 21″ platter. A hold time helps the center of the kiln catch up so that the pottery all reaches the required temperature. Jul 9, 2021 · You can see an example here. Whether you plan on doing oxidation, neutral, or reduction firing, and regardless of the type of gas fuel you will be using, knowing how a kiln is designed and put together helps you understand what is happening during the firing. 26 cost of firing program. A lot of people who own kilns will fire your pottery for a very reasonable fee. Now, with so many fuel options available to the potter, wood-fired kilns are more of a choice than a necessity. A 30 cubic foot kiln will use 300,000 BTUs per hour to reach cone 10. Next, cut the marked circle of the insulator and fit it onto the inside bottom of the trash can. Besides manually calculating costs, you may find your kiln has a digital controller capable of calculating the cost of each firing cycle. Trouble shooting tips. Spread the mush a few inches thick on clean dry porous surfaces. The difficulty with the Raku technique is that it takes a long time for the barrel to achieve this temperature, with the barrel essentially acting as the kiln. Smoke and fumes need to escape. Another easy way to calculate firing fees is to have the potter weigh the item and then multiply by the pound (such as $5 per pound). Allow about 15 minutes for the clay pots to heat thoroughly. We completed the construction of our new wood-fired kiln on June 16, 2012, and fired it the same day. Given all variables, a good estimate of the remaining firing time at this point (from when you turn the kiln up to high to when the sitter shuts off the kiln) is approximately 2 – 3 hours. Whether you choose an updraft or downdraft kiln, your work is large Shift 4 (12-16 hours in): In this shift, you are normally slowly pushing the heat back through the kiln. Make a little dip in the top of the sawdust in the kiln. Check Current Price on The Ceramic Shop. I use a layer of sawdust 6-8 inches deep. So if the kiln begins to stall or the cones are going down faster on the bottom than the rest of the kiln, I'll open up the dampers a little and turn down the gas pressure from 11 to 10. Look for clay that is labeled as suitable for microwave How to fire pottery in an oven. Adjust the plate so that it just touches the bottom of the claw and then tighten the screw. Some are made for flashing from the flame, some are made for melted rivulets of ash and others still are Mar 5, 2021 · Step 1: Lighting the Sawdust Kiln. Because you do not use the gas at full power for the whole firing, we will calculate for 6 hours of full power. Site Preparation: Begin by preparing the ground surface where the kiln will be situated. gs an ek zu vg bf ra jp bb rw
